Summary and Setup

Data Carpentry’s aim is to teach researchers basic concepts, skills, and tools for working with data so that they can get more done in less time, and with less pain. The lessons below were designed for those interested in working with social sciences data in R.

This is an introduction to R designed for participants with no programming experience. These lessons can be taught in a half-day, full-day, or over a two-day workshop (see Instructor Notes for suggested lesson plans). They start with some basic information about R syntax, the RStudio interface, and move through how to import CSV files, the structure of data frames, how to deal with factors, how to add/remove rows and columns, how to calculate summary statistics from a data frame, and a brief introduction to plotting.

Prerequisite

Getting Started

Data Carpentry’s teaching is hands-on, so participants are encouraged to use their own computers to ensure the proper setup of tools for an efficient workflow.

These lessons assume no prior knowledge of the skills or tools.

To get started, follow the directions in the “Setup” tab to download data to your computer and follow any installation instructions.

Prerequisites

This lesson requires a working copy of R and RStudio.
To most effectively use these materials, please make sure to install everything before working through this lesson.

Setup instructions

R and RStudio are separate downloads and installations. R is the underlying statistical computing environment, but using R alone is no fun. RStudio is a graphical integrated development environment (IDE) that makes using R much easier and more interactive. You need to install R before you install RStudio. Once installed, because RStudio is an IDE, RStudio will run R in the background. You do not need to run it separately.

After installing both programs, you will need to install the tidyverse package from within RStudio. The tidyverse package is a powerful collection of data science tools within R see the tidyverse website for more details. Follow the instructions below for your operating system, and then follow the instructions to install tidyverse.

Windows

  • Download R from the CRAN website.
  • Run the .exe file that was just downloaded.
  • Go to the RStudio download page.
  • Under Installers select RStudio x.yy.zzz - Windows. Vista/7/8/10 (where x, y, and z represent version numbers).
  • Double click the file to install it.
  • Once it’s installed, open RStudio to make sure it works and you don’t get any error messages.

macOS

  • Download R from the CRAN website.
  • Select the .pkg file for the latest R version.
  • Double click on the downloaded file to install R.
  • It is also a good idea to install XQuartz (needed by some packages).
  • Go to the RStudio download page.
  • Under Installers select RStudio x.yy.zzz - Mac OS X 10.6+ (64-bit) (where x, y, and z represent version numbers).
  • Double click the file to install RStudio.
  • Once it’s installed, open RStudio to make sure it works and you don’t get any error messages.

Linux

  • Follow the instructions for your distribution from CRAN, they provide information to get the most recent version of R for common distributions. For most distributions, you could use your package manager (e.g., for Debian/Ubuntu run sudo apt-get install r-base, and for Fedora sudo yum install R), but we don’t recommend this approach as the versions provided by this approach are usually out of date. In any case, make sure you have at least R 3.2.
  • Go to the RStudio download page.
  • Under Installers select the version that matches your distribution, and install it with your preferred method (e.g., with Debian/Ubuntu sudo dpkg -i rstudio-x.yy.zzz-amd64.deb at the terminal).
  • Once it’s installed, open RStudio to make sure it works and you don’t get any error messages.
  • Before installing the tidyverse package, Ubuntu (and related) users may need to install the following dependencies: libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev libxml2-dev (e.g. sudo apt install libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev libxml2-dev).

Windows

To install R and RStudio on a University managed Windows machine:

  • Connect your computer to the university network and open the Software Centre from the Start Menu

  • Search for and install “RStudio”.

  • This will also automatically install R for Windows 4.5.1 and Rtools.

Mac

To install R and RStudio on a University managed Mac machine:

  • Connect your computer to the university network and open the Software Centre from the Start Menu

  • Search for and install “R Language”.

  • Search for and install “RStudio with R”.

  • This will also automatically install R for Mac 4.5.1 and Rstudio.

For everyone

After installing R and RStudio, you need to install the tidyverse and here packages.

  • After starting RStudio, at the console type:

R 

install.packages("tidyverse")

followed by the enter key. Once this has installed, type

R 

install.packages("here")

followed by the enter key. There will be a number of messages displayed during installation. After the installation has completed you should see a message containing:

OUTPUT 

** testing if installed package can be loaded
* DONE (tidyverse)

Or:

OUTPUT 

package ‘tidyverse’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

Both packages should now be installed.

Check Your Installation

Type the following commands at the > prompt:

R 

library(tidyverse)
ggplot(cars, aes(x=speed, y=dist)) + geom_point()

(any message about conflicts can be safely ignored) This should produce a plot in the lower right hand window of RStudio.