Data Wrangling with dplyr

Last updated on 2026-02-24 | Edit this page

Overview

Questions

How can I select specific rows and/or columns from a dataframe?
How can I combine multiple commands into a single command?
How can I create new columns or remove existing columns from a dataframe?

Objectives

Describe the purpose of an R package and the dplyr package.
Select certain columns in a dataframe with the dplyr function select.
Select certain rows in a dataframe according to filtering conditions with the dplyr function filter.
Link the output of one dplyr function to the input of another function with the ‘pipe’ operator %>%.
Add new columns to a dataframe that are functions of existing columns with mutate.
Use the split-apply-combine concept for data analysis.
Use summarize, group_by, and count to split a dataframe into groups of observations, apply a summary statistics for each group, and then combine the results.

dplyr is a package for making tabular data wrangling easier by using a limited set of functions that can be combined to extract and summarize insights from your data.
Like readr, dplyr is a part of the tidyverse. These packages were loaded in R’s memory when we called library(tidyverse) earlier.
The package dplyr provides easy tools for the most common data wrangling tasks. It is built to work directly with dataframes, with many common tasks optimized by being written in a compiled language (C++) (not all R packages are written in R!).

There are alternatives to the tidyverse packages for data wrangling, including the package data.table. However, the tidyverse is widely used in the R community and has a consistent syntax across its packages, making it a good choice for beginners.

Learning `dplyr`

To make sure everyone will use the same dataset for this lesson, we’ll read again the SAFI dataset that we downloaded earlier.

R

## load the tidyverse
library(tidyverse)
library(here)

interviews <- read_csv(here("data", "SAFI_clean.csv"), na = "NULL")

## inspect the data
interviews

## preview the data
# view(interviews)

We’re going to learn some of the most common dplyr functions:

select(): subset columns
filter(): subset rows on conditions
mutate(): create new columns by using information from other columns
group_by() and summarize(): create summary statistics on grouped data
arrange(): sort results
count(): count discrete values

Selecting columns and filtering rows

To select columns of a dataframe, use select(). The first argument to this function is the dataframe (interviews), and the subsequent arguments are the columns to keep, separated by commas. Alternatively, if you are selecting columns adjacent to each other, you can use a : to select a range of columns, read as “select columns from ___ to ___.” You may have done something similar in the past using subsetting. select() is essentially doing the same thing as subsetting, using a package (dplyr) instead of R’s base functions.

R

# to select columns throughout the dataframe
select(interviews, village, no_membrs, months_lack_food)
# to do the same thing with subsetting
interviews[c("village","no_membrs","months_lack_food")]
# to select a series of connected columns
select(interviews, village:respondent_wall_type)

To choose rows based on specific criteria, we can use the filter() function. The argument after the dataframe is the condition we want our final dataframe to adhere to (e.g. village name is Chirodzo):

R

# filters observations where village name is "Chirodzo"
filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo")

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 39 × 14
   key_ID village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
    <dbl> <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1      8 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        70 burntbricks
 2      9 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8         6 burntbricks
 3     10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 4     34 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         8        18 burntbricks
 5     35 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         5        45 muddaub
 6     36 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         6        23 sunbricks
 7     37 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         3         8 burntbricks
 8     43 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         7        29 muddaub
 9     44 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         2         6 muddaub
10     45 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         9         7 muddaub
# ℹ 29 more rows
# ℹ 8 more variables: rooms <dbl>, memb_assoc <chr>, affect_conflicts <chr>,
#   liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>, no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>,
#   instanceID <chr>

We can also specify multiple conditions within the filter() function. We can combine conditions using either “and” or “or” statements. In an “and” statement, an observation (row) must meet every criteria to be included in the resulting dataframe. To form “and” statements within dplyr, we can pass our desired conditions as arguments in the filter() function, separated by commas:

R

# filters observations with "and" operator (comma)
# output dataframe satisfies ALL specified conditions
filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo",
                   rooms > 1,
                   no_meals > 2)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 10 × 14
   key_ID village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
    <dbl> <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1     10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 2     49 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         6        26 burntbricks
 3     52 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        11        15 burntbricks
 4     56 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 5     65 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8        20 burntbricks
 6     66 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        10        37 burntbricks
 7     67 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         5        31 burntbricks
 8     68 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8        52 burntbricks
 9    199 Chirodzo 2017-06-04 00:00:00         7        17 burntbricks
10    200 Chirodzo 2017-06-04 00:00:00         8        20 burntbricks
# ℹ 8 more variables: rooms <dbl>, memb_assoc <chr>, affect_conflicts <chr>,
#   liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>, no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>,
#   instanceID <chr>

We can also form “and” statements with the & operator instead of commas:

R

# filters observations with "&" logical operator
# output dataframe satisfies ALL specified conditions
filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo" &
                   rooms > 1 &
                   no_meals > 2)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 10 × 14
   key_ID village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
    <dbl> <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1     10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 2     49 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         6        26 burntbricks
 3     52 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        11        15 burntbricks
 4     56 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 5     65 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8        20 burntbricks
 6     66 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        10        37 burntbricks
 7     67 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         5        31 burntbricks
 8     68 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8        52 burntbricks
 9    199 Chirodzo 2017-06-04 00:00:00         7        17 burntbricks
10    200 Chirodzo 2017-06-04 00:00:00         8        20 burntbricks
# ℹ 8 more variables: rooms <dbl>, memb_assoc <chr>, affect_conflicts <chr>,
#   liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>, no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>,
#   instanceID <chr>

In an “or” statement, observations must meet at least one of the specified conditions. To form “or” statements we use the logical operator for “or,” which is the vertical bar (|):

R

# filters observations with "|" logical operator
# output dataframe satisfies AT LEAST ONE of the specified conditions
filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo" | village == "Ruaca")

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 88 × 14
   key_ID village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
    <dbl> <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1      8 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        70 burntbricks
 2      9 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8         6 burntbricks
 3     10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 4     23 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00        10        20 burntbricks
 5     24 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00         6         4 burntbricks
 6     25 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00        11         6 burntbricks
 7     26 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00         3        20 burntbricks
 8     27 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00         7        36 burntbricks
 9     28 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00         2         2 muddaub
10     29 Ruaca    2016-11-21 00:00:00         7        10 burntbricks
# ℹ 78 more rows
# ℹ 8 more variables: rooms <dbl>, memb_assoc <chr>, affect_conflicts <chr>,
#   liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>, no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>,
#   instanceID <chr>

Pipes

What if you want to select and filter at the same time? There are three ways to do this: use intermediate steps, nested functions, or pipes.

With intermediate steps, you create a temporary dataframe and use that as input to the next function, like this:

R

interviews2 <- filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo")
interviews_ch <- select(interviews2, village:respondent_wall_type)

This is readable, but can clutter up your workspace with lots of objects that you have to name individually. With multiple steps, that can be hard to keep track of.

You can also nest functions (i.e. one function inside of another), like this:

R

interviews_ch <- select(filter(interviews, village == "Chirodzo"),
                         village:respondent_wall_type)

This is handy, but can be difficult to read if too many functions are nested, as R evaluates the expression from the inside out (in this case, filtering, then selecting).

The last option, pipes, are a recent addition to R. Pipes let you take the output of one function and send it directly to the next, which is useful when you need to do many things to the same dataset. You can type the pipe with:

Ctrl + Shift + M if you have a PC or Cmd + Shift + M if you have a Mac.

R

# the following example is run using magrittr pipe but the output will be same with the native pipe
interviews %>%
    filter(village == "Chirodzo") %>%
    select(village:respondent_wall_type)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 39 × 5
   village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
   <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        70 burntbricks
 2 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8         6 burntbricks
 3 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 4 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         8        18 burntbricks
 5 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         5        45 muddaub
 6 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         6        23 sunbricks
 7 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         3         8 burntbricks
 8 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         7        29 muddaub
 9 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         2         6 muddaub
10 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         9         7 muddaub
# ℹ 29 more rows

R

#interviews |>
#   filter(village == "Chirodzo") |>
#   select(village:respondent_wall_type)

In the above code, we use the pipe to send the interviews dataset first through filter() to keep rows where village is “Chirodzo”, then through select() to keep only the columns from village to respondent_wall_type. Since %>% takes the object on its left and passes it as the first argument to the function on its right, we don’t need to explicitly include the dataframe as an argument to the filter() and select() functions any more.

Some may find it helpful to read the pipe like the word “then”. For instance, in the above example, we take the dataframe interviews, then we filter for rows with village == "Chirodzo", then we select columns village:respondent_wall_type. The dplyr functions by themselves are somewhat simple, but by combining them into linear workflows with the pipe, we can accomplish more complex data wrangling operations.

If we want to create a new object with this smaller version of the data, we can assign it a new name:

R

interviews_ch <- interviews %>%
    filter(village == "Chirodzo") %>%
    select(village:respondent_wall_type)

interviews_ch

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 39 × 5
   village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
   <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        70 burntbricks
 2 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8         6 burntbricks
 3 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
 4 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         8        18 burntbricks
 5 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         5        45 muddaub
 6 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         6        23 sunbricks
 7 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         3         8 burntbricks
 8 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         7        29 muddaub
 9 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         2         6 muddaub
10 Chirodzo 2016-11-17 00:00:00         9         7 muddaub
# ℹ 29 more rows

Note that the final dataframe (interviews_ch) is the leftmost part of this expression.

Challenge

Exercise

Using pipes, subset the interviews data to include interviews where respondents were members of an irrigation association (memb_assoc) and retain only the columns affect_conflicts, liv_count, and no_meals.

Show me the solution

R

interviews %>%
    filter(memb_assoc == "yes") %>%
    select(affect_conflicts, liv_count, no_meals)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 33 × 3
   affect_conflicts liv_count no_meals
   <chr>                <dbl>    <dbl>
 1 once                     3        2
 2 never                    2        2
 3 never                    2        3
 4 once                     3        2
 5 frequently               1        3
 6 more_once                5        2
 7 more_once                3        2
 8 more_once                2        3
 9 once                     3        3
10 never                    3        3
# ℹ 23 more rows

Mutate

Frequently you’ll want to create new columns based on the values in existing columns, for example to do unit conversions, or to find the ratio of values in two columns. For this we’ll use mutate().

We might be interested in the ratio of number of household members to rooms used for sleeping (i.e. avg number of people per room):

R

interviews %>%
    mutate(people_per_room = no_membrs / rooms)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 131 × 15
   key_ID village  interview_date      no_membrs years_liv respondent_wall_type
    <dbl> <chr>    <dttm>                  <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>
 1      1 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         3         4 muddaub
 2      2 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         7         9 muddaub
 3      3 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00        10        15 burntbricks
 4      4 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         7         6 burntbricks
 5      5 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         7        40 burntbricks
 6      6 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         3         3 muddaub
 7      7 God      2016-11-17 00:00:00         6        38 muddaub
 8      8 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00        12        70 burntbricks
 9      9 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00         8         6 burntbricks
10     10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00        12        23 burntbricks
# ℹ 121 more rows
# ℹ 9 more variables: rooms <dbl>, memb_assoc <chr>, affect_conflicts <chr>,
#   liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>, no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>,
#   instanceID <chr>, people_per_room <dbl>

Challenge

Exercise

Create a new dataframe from the interviews data that meets the following criteria: contains only the village column and a new column called total_meals containing a value that is equal to the total number of meals served in the household per day on average (no_membrs times no_meals). Only the rows where total_meals is greater than 20 should be shown in the final dataframe.

Hint: think about how the commands should be ordered to produce this data frame!

Show me the solution

R

interviews_total_meals <- interviews %>%
    mutate(total_meals = no_membrs * no_meals) %>%
    filter(total_meals > 20) %>%
    select(village, total_meals)

Split-apply-combine data analysis and the summarize() function

Many data analysis tasks can be approached using the split-apply-combine paradigm: split the data into groups, apply some analysis to each group, and then combine the results. dplyr makes this very easy through the use of the group_by() function.

The `summarize()` function

group_by() is often used together with summarize(), which collapses each group into a single-row summary of that group. group_by() takes as arguments the column names that contain the categorical variables for which you want to calculate the summary statistics. So to compute the average household size by village:

R

interviews %>%
    group_by(village) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs))

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 3 × 2
  village  mean_no_membrs
  <chr>             <dbl>
1 Chirodzo           7.08
2 God                6.86
3 Ruaca              7.57

You can also group by multiple columns: In that case we will get the average household size for each combination of village and membership in an irrigation association:

R

interviews %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs))

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 9 × 3
# Groups:   village [3]
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>
1 Chirodzo no                   8.06
2 Chirodzo yes                  7.82
3 Chirodzo <NA>                 5.08
4 God      no                   7.13
5 God      yes                  8
6 God      <NA>                 6
7 Ruaca    no                   7.18
8 Ruaca    yes                  9.5
9 Ruaca    <NA>                 6.22

Note that the output is a grouped tibble of nine rows by three columns which is indicated by the by two first lines with the #. To obtain an ungrouped tibble, use the ungroup function:

R

interviews %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs)) %>%
    ungroup()

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 9 × 3
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>
1 Chirodzo no                   8.06
2 Chirodzo yes                  7.82
3 Chirodzo <NA>                 5.08
4 God      no                   7.13
5 God      yes                  8
6 God      <NA>                 6
7 Ruaca    no                   7.18
8 Ruaca    yes                  9.5
9 Ruaca    <NA>                 6.22

Notice that the second line with the # that previously indicated the grouping has disappeared and we now only have a 9x3-tibble without grouping. When grouping both by village and membr_assoc, we see rows in our table for respondents who did not specify whether they were a member of an irrigation association. We can exclude those data from our table using a filter step.

R

interviews %>%
    filter(!is.na(memb_assoc)) %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs))

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 6 × 3
# Groups:   village [3]
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>
1 Chirodzo no                   8.06
2 Chirodzo yes                  7.82
3 God      no                   7.13
4 God      yes                  8
5 Ruaca    no                   7.18
6 Ruaca    yes                  9.5

Once the data are grouped, you can also summarize multiple variables at the same time (and not necessarily on the same variable). For instance, we could add a column indicating the minimum household size for each village for each group (members of an irrigation association vs not):

R

interviews %>%
    filter(!is.na(memb_assoc)) %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs),
              min_membrs = min(no_membrs))

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 6 × 4
# Groups:   village [3]
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs min_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>      <dbl>
1 Chirodzo no                   8.06          4
2 Chirodzo yes                  7.82          2
3 God      no                   7.13          3
4 God      yes                  8             5
5 Ruaca    no                   7.18          2
6 Ruaca    yes                  9.5           5

It is sometimes useful to rearrange the result of a query to inspect the values. For instance, we can sort on min_membrs to put the group with the smallest household first:

R

interviews %>%
    filter(!is.na(memb_assoc)) %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs),
              min_membrs = min(no_membrs)) %>%
    arrange(min_membrs)

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 6 × 4
# Groups:   village [3]
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs min_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>      <dbl>
1 Chirodzo yes                  7.82          2
2 Ruaca    no                   7.18          2
3 God      no                   7.13          3
4 Chirodzo no                   8.06          4
5 God      yes                  8             5
6 Ruaca    yes                  9.5           5

To sort in descending order, we need to add the desc() function. If we want to sort the results by decreasing order of minimum household size:

R

interviews %>%
    filter(!is.na(memb_assoc)) %>%
    group_by(village, memb_assoc) %>%
    summarize(mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs),
              min_membrs = min(no_membrs)) %>%
    arrange(desc(min_membrs))

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'village'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 6 × 4
# Groups:   village [3]
  village  memb_assoc mean_no_membrs min_membrs
  <chr>    <chr>               <dbl>      <dbl>
1 God      yes                  8             5
2 Ruaca    yes                  9.5           5
3 Chirodzo no                   8.06          4
4 God      no                   7.13          3
5 Chirodzo yes                  7.82          2
6 Ruaca    no                   7.18          2

Counting

When working with data, we often want to know the number of observations found for each factor or combination of factors. For this task, dplyr provides count(). For example, if we wanted to count the number of rows of data for each village, we would do:

R

interviews %>%
    count(village)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 3 × 2
  village      n
  <chr>    <int>
1 Chirodzo    39
2 God         43
3 Ruaca       49

For convenience, count() provides the sort argument to get results in decreasing order:

R

interviews %>%
    count(village, sort = TRUE)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 3 × 2
  village      n
  <chr>    <int>
1 Ruaca       49
2 God         43
3 Chirodzo    39

Challenge

Exercise

How many households in the survey have an average of two meals per day? Three meals per day? Are there any other numbers of meals represented?

Show me the solution

R

interviews %>%
   count(no_meals)

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 2 × 2
  no_meals     n
     <dbl> <int>
1        2    52
2        3    79

Challenge

Exercise (continued)

Use group_by() and summarize() to find the mean, min, and max number of household members for each village. Also add the number of observations (hint: see ?n).

Show me the solution

R

interviews %>%
  group_by(village) %>%
  summarize(
      mean_no_membrs = mean(no_membrs),
      min_no_membrs = min(no_membrs),
      max_no_membrs = max(no_membrs),
      n = n()
  )

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 3 × 5
  village  mean_no_membrs min_no_membrs max_no_membrs     n
  <chr>             <dbl>         <dbl>         <dbl> <int>
1 Chirodzo           7.08             2            12    39
2 God                6.86             3            15    43
3 Ruaca              7.57             2            19    49

Challenge

Exercise (continued)

What was the largest household interviewed in each month?

Show me the solution

R

# if not already included, add month, year, and day columns
library(lubridate) # load lubridate if not already loaded
interviews %>%
    mutate(month = month(interview_date),
           day = day(interview_date),
           year = year(interview_date)) %>%
    group_by(year, month) %>%
    summarize(max_no_membrs = max(no_membrs))

OUTPUT

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'year'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

OUTPUT

# A tibble: 5 × 3
# Groups:   year [2]
   year month max_no_membrs
  <dbl> <dbl>         <dbl>
1  2016    11            19
2  2016    12            12
3  2017     4            17
4  2017     5            15
5  2017     6            15

Key Points

Use the dplyr package to manipulate dataframes.
Use select() to choose variables from a dataframe.
Use filter() to choose data based on values.
Use group_by() and summarize() to work with subsets of data.
Use mutate() to create new variables.

Data Wrangling with dplyr

Overview

Questions

Objectives

Learning dplyr

R

Selecting columns and filtering rows

R

R

OUTPUT

R

OUTPUT

R

OUTPUT

R

OUTPUT

Pipes

R

R

R

OUTPUT

R

R

OUTPUT

Exercise

Show me the solution

R

OUTPUT

Mutate

R

OUTPUT

Exercise

Show me the solution

R

Split-apply-combine data analysis and the summarize() function

The summarize() function

R

OUTPUT

R

OUTPUT

OUTPUT

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Counting

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Exercise

Show me the solution

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Exercise (continued)

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Exercise (continued)

Show me the solution

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OUTPUT

Learning `dplyr`

The `summarize()` function